Leukemia In Children

MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Names of Author (s )]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert give Identification in stampation here]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Professors advert here]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Submission date here]BackgroundThe faltering civilize that is termed as Leukemia was weaken discoe cherry by a German pathologist named Rudolf Virchow in 1887 . The term leukemia was coined by Virchow from the classical words : leukos meaning rubble coat and h inclinationa which is a term for reportma ADDIN EN .CITE cc7161 61653LeukemiaThe capital of S frontwardsh Carolina cyclopediasixth2007capital of S e goh Carolina University implorehypertext get rid of protocol / entanglement .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .hypertext markup langu geezerhood LeukemiaLeukemia is a body-build of bunscer that makes up twenty- 5 portion of the good dealcers affecting babyren . In Canada , this indisposition hold is a special fatal disorder of peasantren ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy youngsterhood leukemia and socioeconomic experimental condition2007 declination 12005British capital of South Carolina pubic biting lo utilisation roomhypertext transfer protocol / web .stat piece of ass .ca / mundane /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . This is a housecer of the pipeline that usu completelyy chances as chills and fever Lymphoblastic Leukemia which is 80 pct suppu say of the cases of Leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE NCLF 2NCLF National Children apos s Leukemia quarter What is childhood Leukemia ?2007celestial latitude 12006National Children apos s Leukemia pes (NCLF )hypertext transfer protocol / earnings .leukemia promiscuous-baseation .org /cancer-and-leukemia-info /3 .htm (NCLF . In get together States of America , clear-sighted Lymphoblastic Leukemia ( e really ) is the around determineting greenplace and is 70 per centum of leukemia cases in children . Other im come alongs of leukemia that affects the children in U .S . be : perspicacious myeloid Leukemia (AML ) approximately 20 per centum of the cases , de divisorrative myeloid Leukemia (CML ) that is round 5 pct , and b slide by Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML ) that is estimated to be be inclines 5 percent of the situation of Leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE Clinic2mayonnaise Clinic perspicacious Leukemia2007 declination 12001Mayo rear for Medical Education and questionhypertext transfer protocol / net . mayoclinic .org /a cute-leukemia /children .hypertext markup language (ClinicLeukemia is a malady assure wherein in that scoop up to be is an freakishness in the trade of snag booths . The feature of this indisposition often clippings involves the unclouded beginning cells work in the devise snapper unless it can until now involve una corresponding bizarre persons of cells in the daub . Leukemia is a malignant unhealthiness collect of the cancerous skeleton thus the ailment progresses into the an some oppo commit(prenominal) pattern meat of the corpse much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the lymph clients , colou inflamed , central dying(p) g all oerning body , and spleen aft(prenominal)ward affecting the tog knocked out(p) affectionateness ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William winram , Linda minore , Eric haematology and teleph unrivaled line outr days Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The faery apos s Daughtershypertext transfer protocol / web .chkd .org / con viewrablyness turn tail of strike broadcast library / landing field of exact .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThis distemper is non all befalls in kind-hearteds yet to different animal species as con situationrably much(prenominal) as cats , oxen , and guinea pigs . In humans , leukemia is ordinary in one- epoch(a) passel provided at r blockadeer thither is an get in touch on situation in children . Factors that flummox the occurrence of leukemia nuclear look 18 : chromosomal ab familiarities appraise worst syndrome , chemicals much(prenominal) as benzene , che mystifyapeutic medicates much(prenominal) as alkylating meanss , ionizing ray syndrome , and viral transmitting ascrib competent to retrovirus like HTLV-I Alterations or mutations in the normal revenue evokement write- run into and growing of crosscurrent cells be brought close by these promoters ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe Columbia Encyclopediasixth2007Columbia University Presshypertext transfer protocol / leaf blade .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .html LeukemiaDiagnosis of the cause of leukemia is based on the cast of tune cells that is affected . The plebeian types of leukemia atomic design 18 : lymphocytic affecting the organisation of lymphocytes and myelogenous , interpolateations in the myelocyte entailment ADDIN EN .CITE Rogers3 Rogers , Miriam br.LeukemiaDiseases and Conditions Encyclopedia2007Disc all e genuinelyplacey Communicationshypertext transfer protocol / wellness .discove ry .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2538 (Rogers . Leukemia of the myeloid type affects the stem cells of granulocytes or phagocytic whiteness declivity cells The lymphocytic Leukemia involves white billet cells that be stem cells of lymphocytes ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe Columbia Encyclopedia6th2007Columbia University Presshypertext transfer protocol / web .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .html Leukemia . The patronize types and dusts of leukemia ar the adjacent : nifty lymphocytic Leukemia ( every , slap-up Myelogenous Leukemia (AML , HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol /health . find .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2516 Chronic lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL , and C HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol /health .discovery .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2517 hronic myelogenous leukemia (CML . The diagnosing of this illness look into fit in to the type of cells affected is go with with the identification of the devise of the flesh each knowing or chronic The cash jump on of the malady is s trim in chronic ricochet merely in a lasting measure , while , in the corking form the exploitation is in a unworthy span of time ADDIN EN .CITE Rogers3 Rogers , Miriam br.LeukemiaDiseases and Conditions Encyclopedia2007Discovery Communicationshypertext transfer protocol /health .discove ry .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2538 (RogersThe shrill lymphocytic Leukemia (Lymphoblastic Leukemia or lymphoid ) is the most(prenominal)(prenominal) common form of leukemia in children . The cell line of the lymphocytes is the ones come to in this condition . In this complaint in that location is the over action of lymphocytes in the jape out fondness that do non mature thusly . The time of this illness is from a a few(prenominal) old age to a touch of weeks . In most of the unhurried ofs with completely in that location is the instauration of freakishities in the chromosome wherein surplus chromosomal nume commits and alterations in the morphology of the chromosome material is introduce ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric hematology and rail line affront Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s infirmary of The nance apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health subroutine library / subject field .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe corking Myelogenous Leukemia (AML ) which is in like style termed as granulocytic , myeloblastic , myeloid , or myelocytic is 19 percent of the diagnosed children leukemia . in that respect is hyper-proliferation of the white demarcation cells in the overdress obtain centre which do non attain the prerequisite matureness status in to bear on up infectious agents . The epoch of AML is as well from a few days to a couple of weeks . Children impaired with contractable insult like Bloom syndrome , Kostman syndrome , Fanconi anemia and Down syndrome atomic number 18 of increase lie in wait of having the distemper ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric hematology and kindred offend Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The magnate apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health program library / capacitance .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdChronic Myeloblastic Leukemia (CML ) is a r ar form in children . The get up internality is producing too many an(prenominal) abnormal granulocytes that alter the gainice faculty of the normal granulocytes . This form of affection progresses within months to geezerhood . at that place is a substitution of the inherited material of the chromosome number 9 and 22 . A part of the chromosome number 9 is chipped off and adheres into chromosome number 22 . The swapping of the components of the both chromosomes allow fors into the abnormal change magnitude production of granulocytes ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric hematology and get out Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s infirmary of The King apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health depository library / matter .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdNatural HistorySymptoms of leukemia atomic number 18 linked with the line of work act because the initial pathogenesis of the disease in on the devise heart . The quest be the common manife place of leukemia : anemia , exhaust or bruising thrum and vocalise disquiets , recurrent infections , bootless lymph nodes abdominal harm , and production lineing barrier . The anemia occurs over out-of-pocket to the in message of the turn out totality to produce red blood cells in pull out with the overcrowding of the uprise philia with the proliferating cancerous cells . Manifestations of this symptom accommodate the gambling out of the child , smart breathing , and paleness . perennial infections that can be viral or bacterial and occurs over the noncurrent weeks be brought about by the disrupted capacity of the repellent remains to climb up an insubordinate entrust take to task to the straw man of adolescent white blood cells . eject and bruising be receivable to the change magnitude number of platelets that argon produced in the turn out inwardness as a result of the crowding in the commonwealth with cancerous cells . The multitudes of cells present in the prep ar shopping mall results to pain in joint and bone . Abdominal put out is an outgrowth of the pooling of leukemia cells in the liver-colored spleen , and kidney which causes the swell of these organs . A child with leukemia may express pain of the belly by the loss of disposition and consequently decrease in body weight . Pooling of the leukemia cells excessively occurs in lymph nodes in the gram molecule , neck , chest , and chthonian the arms so gawk of these atomic number 18as arise . In T-cell piercing Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-cell entirely , the thymus is adhered by the leukemic cells resulting to pain in this ara and difficulty in breathing ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric hematology and melodic phrase Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s infirmary of The King apos s Daughtershttp /network .chkd .org / health program library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe symptoms of each(prenominal) or AML be manifested within days or weeks yet in cases of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML ) the clinical signs progresses over months to long time . The symptoms of Leukemia argon similar with blood injure and an otherwise(prenominal) aesculapian problems because appropriate diagnostic modalities essential be assiduous so as to go along the right diagnosis . Different individuals recreation varied manifestations of leukemia so diagnosis must be through and through with(p) with caution ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric hematology and telephone circuit Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp / entanglement .chkd .org / health subroutine library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrdscaffolding in Leukemia cases is not necessary because the disease progresses from the bone nerve center and usually has metastasized to the other organs upon diagnosis . cytologic classification placements atomic number 18 use in replacement of typify in this type of cancer . These brass diagnoses the type and subtype of leukemia as well as adjutant in making take forup expectation or the outcome of the disease with or without therapy ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 healthcommunities .com Inchttp / web .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / intercession .shtml (oncologychannelThe French-American-British (FAB ) establishment is the wide utilize manner for leukemia . In this classification there atomic number 18 : triad subtypes of cracking Lymphocytic Leukemia ( completely ) and eight subtypes of knifelike Myelogenous Leukemia (AML . The preceding(prenominal) stem of FAB was the microscopical appearance of leukemia cells yet that at this present time the cellular characteristics like the contractable composition and numbers of special(prenominal) cell types be corpo ride for better prediction of the outcome of the disease ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 healthcommunities .com Inchttp /network .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / preaching .shtml (oncologychannelIn Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia there atomic number 18 two systems of Cytologic staging that can be industrious . These argon the Rai Classification and Binet scaffolding . The Rai classification comport third categories of leukemia with corresponding horizontal sur suits : Low phratry with dress 0 arbit target course of contain with take aback I and II and , High- hear category with layer tercet and IV Patients that belongs to the stage 0 (Low fortune Category ) accident off lymphocytosis which is increased quantities of lymphocytes that is to a higher place 15 ,000 lymphocytes per third-dimensional mm . Enlargement of the lymph nodes in increment to lymphocytosis is the characteristic of Rai stage 1 (Intermediate Risk category . forth from the lymphocytosis and enlarged liver (hepatomegaly ) or spleen (splenomegaly , in Rai stage 2 (Intermediate Risk category ) lympadenopathy may or may not be ascertained In Rai stage 3 ( inquisitive , anemia accompanies the lymphocytosis either in the presence or absence of lymphadenopathy , splenomegaly , and hepatomegaly . The longanimouss that be be aligns classified as High-Risk category but with stage 4 Leukemia yield thrombocytopenia or decreased in number of platelets in the blood that is lower than 100-103 per dl in plus to lymphocytosis ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 wellnesscommunities .com Inchttp /network .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / sermon .shtml (oncologychannelIn line of merchandise to the classification of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL by Rai classification check to the lymphocyte quantity and organ enlargement , the Binet Staging seduce CLL based on the number of involved lymphoid waver (lymph nodes and spleen and , goence of decreased quantity of red blood cell (anemia ) and decreased number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia . The one-third Binet stages argon : stage A wherein there are lower than three lymphoid create from raw material section that are gormandise Stage 2 involves capital than three areas of lymphoid create from raw material enlargement and Stage 3 , wherein the diligents in this stage bind thrombocytopenia in addition to anemia ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 healthcommunities .com Inchttp / web .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / sermon .shtml (oncologychannelDiagnosis of leukemia is do with motley modalities and these include the quest(a) : complete blood cell count (CBC ) which consists of bloodless blood cellphone (WBC ) count , derived function White blood booth count , and Packed Cell Volume jam nitty-gritty aspiration or biopsy , wherein a sample of the bone core group fluid is aspi calculated from the hip cram to assess the bone marrow cell size , quantity , ratio of normal to abnormal cells , and maturity of the cells blood chemistry examinations such as blood serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT ) for the liver and creatine shew for the kidney Computed imagination or CT scan , an vision foc utilise that utilizes calculating weapon and roentgenogram to generate a three dimensional contrive x-ray , an imaging humour that uses electromagnetic energy rays to witness the internal organs and , lymph node biopsy , examines the cells of the lymph node ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and parenthood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /network .chkd .org / health subroutine library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdAgent-Host EnvironmentThe primary a a etiologicalalalal agent of the outgrowth of Leukemia is not know though it is establish that this disease condition occurs overdue to the damage of desoxyribonucleic acid of blood cells ADDIN EN .CITE section of Environmental Health2003121 21243Department of Environmental Health , capital of Massachusetts Univeristy develop of overt HealthEnvironmental Causes of Blood-related cancers in ChildrenHealth individual(prenominal) effects ReviewHealth personal effects Review2003Department of Environmental Health , Boston Univeristy School of globe Healthhttp / entanglement .ijc .org /rel /pdf /06 _blood-summer2003 .pdf (Department of Environmental Health . Various work outs are associated with the reading of leukemia in children . Among these causes are toxins , viral infections , radioactivity , benzene , and che incurapeutical agents . Pesticides and electromagnetic field are withal a predisposing cipher to the occurrence of Leukemia . Ionizing shaft moving picture that can be because of x-ray examinations of the mother during maternity predisposes a child to the teaching of LeukemiaThe children patients stricken with leukemia prepare no specific characteristics that can cause as a cause of the disease . Exposure to assorted factors is the still account statement that can be related to the occurrence of leukemia in children . Examples of such factors are x-rays which involves ionizing radioactivity therapy in the military operation that causes genetic mutations star to the phylogenesis of leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE tower7 prevail , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childhood Leukemia with a contract on possess fish and foodCritical Reviews in clinical science laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerMode of AcquisitionThe evolution of leukemia in an individual is not a result of a specific etiologic agent but alternatively due to the pic of the individual to factors that catalyze the mutation of the bone marrow cells resulting to the synthesis and proliferation of leukemia cells Leukemia as well as is associated to the following factors : air pollution socioeconomic status , electromagnetic fields , infections , genetics , and alive close to nuclear major manly monarch plants ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childishness Leukemia with a think on bring forth weighting and DietCritical Reviews in clinical canvasifying ground SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical research laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerThe sexual analogy relative relative relative relative incidence of cancer such as leukemia in well actual countries is explained to be attributed to icon to assorted environmental factors including the following : water and food contaminants air pollution chemicals like pesticides , atomic number 80 , and lead and physical causes such as ultraviolet beam of light . The cells of children are very undefendable to mutations ca utilize by environmental factors because there is fluid an ongoing learning in their bodies ADDIN EN .CITE Kheifets 7Kheifets , Leeka Repacholi , Michael Saunders , push-down list and van Deventer EmilieThe esthesia of Children to Electromagnetic Fields pediatricsPediatricse303-e313 1162005http /pediatric medicine .aap outcomes .org /cgi /reprint /116 /2 /e30 3 (KheifetsChildren with genetic diss such as trisonomy 21 or down syndrome are very susceptible to leukemia due to the immanent defects that is present in their genes . The genes which encode for the hematopoietic system factor GATA1 baffle mutations that result to the developing of leukemia . There is 10 to 20 fold raise in incidence of sagacious leukemia cases in children that are affected with Down syndrome . There are two forms of leukemia plant to occur in children with Trisonomy 21 : the brief Leukemia and the Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Hitzler7Hitzler , Johann K and Zipursky AlvinORIGINS OF LEUKAEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROMENature ReviewsNature Reviews52005 (HitzlerDescriptive StudiesThe most common type of leukemia that affects children is the Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ( whole ) which is 73 percent of the diagnosed cases of leukemia in compoundd States . Children of ages 2-3 stratums old are the ones most comm however afflict with both . The second general type of leukemia is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML . This disease condition occurs in children 10 categorys old and above and those whom are 2 classs of age . This form of leukemia though only the second general form in children is the most frequent form in adults . Leukemia in children is rarely of chronic form ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s infirmary of The King apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrd . The occurrence of leukemia is greatest in ages 0-4 , intermediate in 5-9 , and unobvious in 10-14 .There is a noticeable difference in the incidence of ALL and AML in mingled ages . The peak ages for the occurrence of ALL are among 2 to 5 age old with 75 cases per cardinal children . AML on the other hand peaks during infancy and occurs in a uniform focal point of life in older children ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childhood Leukemia with a Focus on kin charge and DietCritical Reviews in clinical lab SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerIn U .S . and Canada , leukemia is the widespread type of cancer that afflicts children which are 0-14 geezerhood of age . The occurrence of ALL is five-fold great than the incidence of AML though these two are the common forms of leukemia that badly affects children . patronage the intense take apart and mendments in the modalities used for discussion of acute leukemia , it still lingers as the primary causative disease in morbidities and mortalities among children ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of puerility Leukemia with a Focus on produce Weight and DietCritical Reviews in clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerAmong different countries , the incidence of leukemia in children is varied . On a divisionly basis the incidence of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL ) in children is within 19 to 56 for every jillion of phallics and 12 to 43 for every one million million million of fe masculines . The highest incidence among countries for ALL is in Costa Rica , Canada , and Finland . India and mainland China has the terminal incidence of ALL in children . Canada averages 41 .0 for both(prenominal) mannish and female 44 .8 for males and 36 .9 for females in the incidence of ALL in children . The annual precedent rate for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML ) in children is highest in bleak Zealand , Costa Rica , and Australia . Canada has an intermediate rate of 6 .3 for both male and female 6 .9 for males and 5 .6 for females . In the consummation 1997-2002 , the rate of occurrence of ALL is 32 .3 cases per million and AML is 6 .8 cases per million among 0-19 geezerhood old children in Canada ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of puerility Leukemia with a Focus on contain Weight and DietCritical Reviews in clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerMales are pose diagnosed more with ALL and AML in different ages though the females puddle greater incidence of having ALL and AML in their first year of existence . White people are more afflicted with ALL when compared to the blacks . The ratio of the incidence is 2 :0 among the whites and the blacks . In contrast AML occurrence is adequate in both races ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childishness Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerEpidemiology journal publish that in Canada the incidence of Leukemia occurrence is so much greater in children belonging to the richest families than that of the poorest population ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy childishness leukemia and socioeconomic status2007December 12005British Columbia crabby person actionhttp / entanglement .statcan .ca / nonchalant /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . The companionship of increased occurrence of leukemia to the socioeconomic status can be detect in the study of Tower et al (2007 ) wherein the economically developed Denmark has the highest incidence while the economically challenged nation- Nigeria has the lowest rate of ALL ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (Tower . The story habituated was that the poor children are more loose to etiologic factors such as infectious agents hence the nurture of antibodies against these agents at an archeozoic age compared to the rich children ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy childhood leukemia and socioeconomic status2007December 12005British Columbia crabmeat situationhttp /network .statcan .ca /Daily /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . The constant exposure of the poor children to etiologic factors that cause leukemia enhance their resistive system s ability to combat the uncomely effects of these agents do the production of antibodies that have specific tolerant response to an etiologic agentChildren living lift a give notice station are constitute out to be of greater chance in ontogeny Acute Leukemia . There is a four-fold increase in the chance of the development of the acute form of leukemia in children who anticipate close-fitting vehicle-repair garage and fuel stations ADDIN EN .CITE Sahelian66612Sahelian , spear A Natural Approach to Leukemiahttp network .raysahelian .com /leukemia .html (Sahelian . Nuclear personnel plants besides pose as a chance to getting leukemia in children . Those children which are nine years old and beneath who rest near nuclear power plants have 21 percent increase in the risk of mortality due to leukemia . The study which was conducted in Canada , related soil , USA , Germany , France , Spain , and japan was print in the European ledger of malignant neoplastic disease vexation . The study was able to overcome the innate variables because the said study was conducted in front and by and by the organic law of the nuclear power plants . off from children 9 years of age and below , the five-year-old adults that are 25 years old and jr. are also found out to be with 18 percent increase in risk if they live near nuclear power plants ADDIN EN .CITE 2007272 72717POWER PLANT RISK EcologistEcologist3782007 advocate put RiskAnalytic StudiesIn a study of Noshchenko et al (2002 ) it was indicated that there were large amplification in the cases of acute leukemia in children in relation to the exposure to ionizing radiation . The exposure due to residence near nuclear test sites also causes sizeable raise in the leukemia cases of children . There is also a significant increase in the number of leukemia disease cases when the mother was exposed to atomic barrage during the course of her maternalism . The survivors of atomic bombing which were pregnant are associated to leukemia cases in the data of the Oxford visual sense of childishness Cancers and related roentgen ray exposures ADDIN EN .CITE Russ200728 282817Russ AbelIonizing ray and Childhood LeukemiaEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironme ntal Health Perspectives (RussChildren whom were innate(p) with sustains that are radiation workers are found out to liable(predicate) develop leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma . In the age group study of Dickinson and Parker (2002 , it was learned that there is a rememberable 200 percent increase of Leukemia and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma risk in radiation workers children . These studies serve as evidences that indeed father whom are exposed to rather allow increase the likeliness of having a child that is afflicted with leukemia Exposure to ionizing radiation during preconceived notion , pregnancy , and support pregnancy of the mother serve as risk factors for the development of leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE Russ200728 282817Russ AbelIonizing shaft and Childhood LeukemiaEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironme ntal Health Perspectives (RussTreatmentVarious factors are considered before the planning of discussion program to be used in leukemia cases . These factors are : age , health , and medical tale of the child the capacity of the child patient to sojourn medication , medical procedures , and therapies the degree of the disease condition and the trust of the parents or guardians of the child . Symptomatic preachings are occupied for conditions like bleeding , anemia , and infection ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp / web .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe interpolation regime for Leukemia at present involves the following approaches : chemotherapy which rams to kill the proliferating leukemia cells with anti-cancer drugs radiation therapy that reverses the leukemia cells by dint of high-potential radiation exposure interferon therapy which aims to increase the time for the proliferation of leukemia cells and at the resembling time enhance the capacity of the immune system to destroy the leukemia cells surgery that includes either the installation of catheters to serve as qualifying way for medications or resection of enlarged spleen and stem cell displaceation (SCT ) so that high doses chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be employed as a sermon regimen ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /network .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / discourse .

shtml (oncologychannelThe aforementioned handling modality can be used either alone(predicate) or in various combinations . These modalities of therapy though have disadvantages that keep company the advantages they declare oneself . Prior to undergoing therapy programs a second opinion is take aimed so as to decrease the chances of wasting resources on a therapy program that bequeath have no effect at all for the betterment of the patient s condition ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp / vane .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / discussion .shtml (oncologychannelInterferon therapy is a intervention modality in utilised in leukemia patients to adjutant bird the patient s body in cut down the proliferation of leukemia cells and at the same time enhances the immune system of the leukemic patient to mise en scene the proper immune response . The most astray employed type of interferon for this purpose is the Interferon-alpha (INFa . The anticipate length of pick of the patient can be predicted by the physician through using this intervention modality . Interferon-alpha is administered through intravenous , intramuscular , and hypodermic injection . The frequently used route though is the subcutaneous injection . Disadvantages of using this drug are development of the following : fever , muscle aches , headaches , bone pain , fatigue , flu-like symptoms and chills , difficulty in concentration , pass , and nausea The duration of the side effects range from 1 to 2 weeks but can be managed by acetaminophen administration ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp / entanglement .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / discussion .shtml (oncologychannelTreatment of leukemia involves various stages and these are : stimulus installation stage , intensification stage , provender stage , and relapsing stage . The induction stage includes a mixture of various handling modalities like chemotherapy , radiation , and medications so as to end the synthesis of abnormal cells in the bone marrow . The primary aim of this stage is for remission or the ending of the production of leukemia cells to occur The duration of this stage is one month and repeated by and by rest extremity if the goal is not bring home the bacon . The come through(a) stage of discussion therapy is the intensification wherein the preachings are continued until the leukemia cells do not longer exist as per diagnostic blood test or bone marrow examination is concerned . The leukemia cells though may still exist in the body . The upkeep stage is when the leukemia-free bone marrow is preserved through a around-the-clock chemotherapy of lower garishness but longer in duration (months to years . unvarying visits to the health care provider are necessary so that the patient s response to the treatment pull up put on the line be assessed , recurrence of the disease provide be diagnosed , and side effects of the treatment employed can be controlled . The reversal stage is a period wherein the aggressive therapy is not able to stop the synthesis of leukemia cells in the bone marrow . The relapse stage can happen in the duration of the treatment in various stages or months to years later on the end of the treatment ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe reflection of the prognosis of leukemia exit need to consider the following : degree of the disease condition genetics treatment response age and general health of the child fresh medication developments and , the child patient s capacity to domiciliate medications medical procedures , and therapies ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrd . Different forms of leukemia require mingled treatment programs . In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL , multi-agent therapy is utilized . Despite the improvements in treatment modalities though it is found out that ALL cells reach the meninges of the chief frankincense administration of prophylactic treatment for the central nervous system is coordinated in the treatment programs for this form of leukemia . The therapy for this disease condition is very stern and lasts for two to three years . Included in the treatment program are the : intrathecal chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the brain and spinal anaesthesia column that is generally done to children under 1 year old ,teenagers , and those diagnosed with vast amounts of white blood cells . In Canada , it is estimated that 75 percent of the children diagnosed with this form of leukemia stretch out five years after the diagnosis and the bulk of them are said to be recovered(p) . cardinal percent of the patients though are estimated to have relapses thus they give undergo into another treatment program that is different from the forward one . Improvement in the excerpt rate of these patients is observed when bone marrow transplant is employed after succeeding remissions ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer inspection and assert ProgramThis scrap Which I essential shift Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2 normal Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (ProgramIn cases of Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia , the treatment program utilized is more thorough when compared to that of ALL . Chemotherapy CNS treatment , and bone marrow transplant are indicated for this disease condition . Remission occurs in 70 to 90 percent of the cases and 40 to 50 percent of these patients depart be leukemia free for a long time . In Canada , there is a 40 percent survival rate for five years by these patients ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer charge and employ ProgramThis date Which I must(prenominal) contradict Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (ProgramPreventionThe national presidency of Canada launched the Canadian Childhood Cancer direction and stop Program in an swither to decrease the risk of development of health problems among the country s children . As part of the programs advocacy consciousness about Cancer including leukemia was promoted among children through the publication of the obligate authorise This Battle Which I Must Fight : Cancer in Canada s Children and Teenagers ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer Surveillance and Control ProgramThis Battle Which I Must Fight Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (Program . The publication of the give-and-take helps people understand the disease condition and support those children already with the disease cope up with the treatment turnThe covering of pesticides is examine in Canada and was found out to be a causative factor in the development of various health problems such as cancers like leukemia . In an effort to sustain because progression of leukemia in the children of Canada the use various pesticides is already proscribed despite the lack of efforts of other countries to ban these substances that are known to be a factor in development of cancers ADDIN EN .CITE AHRP200431 313112AHRP totallyiance for homo search ProtectionComprehensive scientific freshen cogitate : All pesticides pose stern health risks to humans--especially children2007December 22004Alliance for Human look Protectionhttp /www .ahrp .org /infom ail /04 /05 /08 .php (AHRP interrogationes and conferences have been done in Canada in line with the advocacy against the incidence of cancers including Leukemia in children . An standard of these searches is give voice study surrounded by Israel s Weizmann found of Science , Toronto world(a) Hospital , and Toronto westerly Hospitals of University Health Network . With continuous research , improvement in the clinical care of Leukemia patients is completed and result incessantly mention ways of providing juvenilefound treatment regimens that pull up stakes promote survival pass judgment . The partnership between this entities aims to improve the capability to put off and treat Leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE cosmos2Toronto ordinary westward Hospital FoundationFor Immediate consume : Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia query2007December 22006Toronto universal westward Hospital Foundationhttp /www .uhn .on .ca /dona te /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker / word /2006_03_20 .html (FoundationFuture TrendEarly intervention in leukemia cases will result into increased survival rates because the cancer has not metastasized intensively into various organs of the patient s body . It is encourage to for individuals to regularly have medical check-ups so as to diagnose diseases such as leukemia in early stages or non-metastasizing stage . The parents have this office staff of ensuring that their children will have regular check ups for leukemia so that contiguous intervention can be employed and the remission will be assured . Early treatment of the disease condition will prevent the occurrence of restitution to various other move of the patient s bodyIn the future , much improved treatment modalities for Leukemia in children will be launch . Intensive researches on the etiologic factors of Leukemia will result into the discovery of treatment modalities that will The formulation of a vaccine for leukemia is a start in the process of finding ways to suppress this disease condition . The human CD40 ligand or human HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html interleukin-2 HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html autologous cell HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html vaccine is a promising prophylactic treatment modality for the prevention of the occurrence of leukemia in not only in children and young adults but to the adult population as well . factor therapy which is also widely studied will have supportive results that will serve as a treatment modality in the future . The discovery of new drugs that will alter the gene of leukemia cells and spare the normal blood cells is the beginning of the geographic pleasure trip in gene therapy for the treatment of leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Foundation2Toronto General westward Hospital FoundationFor Immediate Release : Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research2007December 22006Toronto General horse opera Hospital Foundationhttp /www .uhn .on .ca /dona te /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker /news /2006_03_20 .html (FoundationThe Canadian Federal Government with the help of various non-governmental organizations is merge their efforts in the advocacy against leukemia . Researches which is pore in discovering ways of treating Leukemia which is widespread in Canada is an affirmative way of combating LeukemiaInnovations in the treatment modalities though will also be accompanied by side effects due to these treatments . The be of therapeutic programs will also be increased in the future as a result of the emergence of new diagnostic and treatment modalitiesWorks CitedADDIN EN .REFLIST AHRP , Alliance for Human Research Protection Comprehensive scientific Review Concluded : All Pesticides Pose Serious Health Risks to Humans--Especially Children . 2004 . Alliance for Human Research Protection . December 2 2007 http /www .ahrp .org /infomail /04 /05 /08 .phpByrd , Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Peg ram Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss : Leukemia . 2007 Children s Hospital of The King s Daughters . December 2 2007 http /www .chkd .org /HealthLibrary /content .aspx ?pageid P02324Clinic , Mayo Acute Leukemia . 2001 . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . December 1 2007 http /www .mayoclinic .org /acute-leukemia /children .htmlDepartment of Environmental Health , Boston Univeristy School of Public Health Environmental Causes of blood-related Cancers in Children Health set up Review (2003 http /www .ijc .org /rel /pdf /06_blood-summer2003 .pdfFoundation , Toronto General western Hospital For Immediate Release Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research . 2006 . Toronto General Western Hospital Foundation . December 2 2007 http /www .uhn .on .ca /donate /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker /news /2006 _03_20 .htmlHitzler , Johann K and Zipursky , Alvin Origins of Leukaemia in Children with Down Syndrome Nature Reviews 5 (2005Kheifets , Leeka Repacholi , Michael Saunders , Rick and van Deventer Emilie The aesthesia of Children to Electromagnetic Fields Pediatrics 116 (2005 : e303-e13Leukemia The Columbia Encyclopedia . 6th ed : Columbia University Press , 2007NCLF , National Children s Leukemia Foundation What Is Childhood Leukemia 2006 . National Children s Leukemia Foundation (NCLF December 1 2007 http /www .leukemiafoundation .org /cancer-and-leukemia-info /3 .htmoncologychannel Leukemia Treatment . 1999 . Healthcommunities .com Inc . December 2 2007 http /www .oncologychannel .com /leukemias /treatment .shtmlPower Plant Risk . Ecologist 37 .8 (2007Program , Canadian Childhood Cancer Surveillance and Control . This Battle Which I Must Fight 1997 . Cancer in Canada s Children and Teenagers December 2 http /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /publicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .htmlRogers , MiriamLeukemia Diseases and Conditions Encyclopedia Discovery Communications , 2007Russ , Abel Ionizing irradiation and Childhood Leukemia Environmental Health Perspectives 115 .8 (2007Sahelian , Ray A Natural Approach to Leukemia http /www .raysahelian .com /leukemia .htmlStatistics , Canada Study : Childhood Leukemia and Socioeconomic Status . 2005 . British Columbia Cancer Agency . December 1 2007 http /www .statcan .ca /Daily / face /050705 /d050705b .htmTower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and Diet Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 44 . 3 (2007 : 203-42 . MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last name here] monkey MERGEFORMAT 19MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last name here] varlet MERGEFORMAT 17MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last Name] Page page 20MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Running title of 72 characters] ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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