History Midterm

: Ancient Civilizations1 . Egypt and MesopotamiaThe civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt had a swell deal in commons , beginning with their geography . The name Mesopotamia means the trim back between the rivers . The area was given this name because it sat directly in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers . Egyptians settled around the Nile , and two civilizations did this for the same propose they required piddle for their farms . some(prenominal) civilizations were located in tempestuous , dry areas that had the benefit of sea intelligenceal flooding . In both cases the farmers learned to create irrigation ditches in to hold in the water to their land with push through having it completely flooded during the wet season . Both civilizations build their homes out of mud bricks , though upper bodes and royalty had houses do of stvirtuosoBoth civilizations had an organized structure . The people in Mesopotamia were kn encounter as the Sumerians , and they divided up themselves into organized city-states . While frequently peaceful , city-states would oft beats to go war with each different just to call d testify their strength . The Egyptians did non divide themselves into geographically separate groups alternatively , they were one people under the rule of the Pharaoh . Both groups divided their citizens into classes : The Sumerians had goernment officials in effect , and the priests were a close punt . The priests encour dated residents to the gods . The Upper Class was the close heavily change in jewelry , fine clothes and makeup . The bring d experience Class had to fiddle hard in to raise crops , and they could run for up through the classes through marriage or by becoming a priest /priestess . The lowest class was that of slaves , they were brought over from conquered lands Similarly , Ancient Egypt had a social pyramid - the work of each class supported the class above it . Both Mesopotamia and Egypt had a slave classThe Egyptians considered their children to be gifts from the gods and a great call down . Their lie ins revolved not plainly around religious belief , merely around family life . Women were either the daughters of their fathers or the wives of their maintains , and they were expected to practise . Contrarily they still had rights . Men who could afford to flip some(prenominal) wives would do so those who couldn t afford it would have mistresses called concubines . Women , of course , were not allowed lovers and could be punished by death . Egypt represented the charcleaning lady behind the man adage , as the mothers and wives of the Pharaohs were often the current undocumented credit of power . The women in Mesopotamia had no power or rights . The men used their physical strength to govern their wives daughters and sisters , ruling by brute force and always making the decisions . The Sumerians put the domination of men over women into law If a maintain died , the widow came under the control of her former husband s father or brother . If there were no such(prenominal) relatives , she could be control by a grown son . A fair sex during this time had no recourse or protection under the law . A cleaning woman s only power , if she had any , was the invite of her personality within her family , which was not unlike the Egyptians . A woman who cheated on her husband would be put to death , but the man with whom she cheated would suffer no punishment whatsoever . A man who raped a woman would pay a small fineBoth the Sumerians and the Egyptians were polytheists . Their gods and goddesses controlled any conniption of their lives , though each deity had a separate office staff and often were depicted as half(prenominal) human , half animal 2 . Athens /Greece vs . capital of ItalyBoth Greece and capital of Italy are Mediterranean countries , but the geography of the two is very different . The Greek city-states were separated from each other by hills and a great deal of countryside and all Greek civilizations were developed near the water . By contrast , capital of Italy was inland , on one side of the Tiber River . Ancient roman types did not have the natural unsmooth terrain that could be used as bs to keep invaders out of Rome . Mt . Vesuvius produced fertile , arable land by covering the land with rich soil . There were too two nearby mountain ranges to the north (Alps ) and east (ApennineAncient Greece and Rome were incorporated much(prenominal) like Mesopotamia and Egypt . Greece was divided into separate city-states (called a polis Athens , Sp tricka , Corinth , Argos and Megara . Rome remained a unified government . In Greece , the population was divided into citizens (men over the age of 18 , women and slaves . Rome was divided into three groups . The first was the Plebeians , the lower class . They worked , lived in modest hou chant (often apartments , were often assisted by slaves , and were ruled by the Patricians . The Patricians were considered the nobility of this time . They had large , single family homes make of brick , were considered to be the ruling class , and their houses were run by the wives who order the slaves to do the workOver time , Rome went from being a monarchy to a republic , to an imperium . During the Republic phase , the government was structured as an oligarchy where two magistrates were elected from the patrician class It wasn t until much later that the plebeians seized a small amount of power and created their own ruling class . Ancient Greece , limitedally Athens , was experimenting with a direct democracy . Citizens , which only included those males over the age of 18 who were not slaves , were permitted to voteThe economy of both Greece and Rome was agriculture-based . Greeks lived on small self-sufficient wheat-producing farms , but this was an exercise in live and learn . The Athenians had to learn proper agricultural usages in to revoke having households incapable of feeding themselves . The Romans used their natural resources to produce drink and olive oil , which were their principal exports . These products were essential to trade , as the Romans were unable to produce wheat They either had to import it or annex provinces that could provide them with it . Both Greece and Rome worked mines . While Greece had slaves they didn t see on them for farming as the Romans did . Both civilizations developed coin , special(prenominal)ally , coinsAthenian women were valued for not gossiping , for managing the household , and , to the highest degree of all , for producing legitimate children . The aristocratic woman was secluded in the women s quarter and had to be accompanied in public bases . She could own , but not sell property . The Athenian woman was subject to her father , and even after marriage , he could ask for her return . She was not a citizen . The Roman woman was subject to the will of the dominant male in her household , whether it was the household of her birth or the household of her husband . She could own and dispose of property without the permission or approval of her husband or father . Roman women were valued for piety , backwardness maintenance of harmony , and being a one-man woman . Unlike the women of Greece , who ironically lived under a democracy , women of Rome could be citizens3 . Religion in Mesopotamia /Egypt /Athens /RomeIn Mesopotamia , each town was protected by its own unique deity . The heart and soul of the town was its temple , or ziggurat , which were believed to join promised land with Earth . Initially , the temple was used entirely for ghostly purposes , but as time went on it became the center of the federation . People expected religion to answer their questions about the disposition of life and deathMesopotamians (also referred to as the Sumerians ) were polytheistic and their gods and goddesses were considered regular people who had feasts , matrimonial , produced children , and fought in wars . In spite of this down to earth put on , the gods and goddesses had supernatural powers While at the ziggurat , devotionpers were expected to sing hymns , say prayers , make sacrifices and bring offerings for the gods . The priests and priestesses were considered the translators and people trusted them to advertise the wishes of the gods or goddesses . This was based on the belief that pleasing the gods would lead to rewards , just as annoying the gods could result in punishmentAs for specific gods , there were four all- all-powerful gods that created and controlled the universe . An was the god of paradise , Enlil was the air-god , Enki was the water-god , and Ninhursag was the mother earth-goddess . Each of these gods created lesser gods who were also distinguished in Mesopotamia . Utu , the sun-god , lit the world with rays shooting from his shoulders . He moved across the sky in a carry . Nanna was the moon-god who used a boat to travel by nightReligion in Ancient Egypt is one of the most fascinating practices in history . With the exception of one brief period of monotheism , Egypt was a polytheistic society . The priests in Ancient Egypt (only one measuring down from the Pharaoh on the social pyramid ) were very powerful . The people based their opinion on the Pharaoh and the priests on whether or not things were going well throughout the land . They worship some gods and goddesses , each with a different purpose and influence on insouciant lifeReligion center both on daily life and the afterlife .

Egyptians believed that the body was the link to a ghostly existence in the afterlife , and for this reason the body was mummified so the tone could lay what it needed in the afterlife . In case the body was destroyed or damaged , supernatural spells were placed on a statue of the deceased person so the spirit could continue to have their needs met Mummification was a farsighted and expensive process . A person would need to have a tomb strengthened , gather necessary objects to place in the tomb , and their son or a priest would have to be appointed to bring offering for the deceased on a daily basis . Egyptians worshipped in two types of temples . The first were dedicated to the worship of a specific god of Egypt , for example , the temple of Horus . The second type was built to honor a deceased pharaoh and to worship them as a god , such as the temple of Rameses IIMuch like other polytheistic civilizations , the people of ancient Greece (Athens ) also worshipped some gods and goddesses and depended on them for good fortune . At home , religion focused on the hearth and the goddess Hestia . The maintaining of the home flak catcher (the source of keep the home fires burning ) was an important ritual which served as a focus for worship . Other home-based rituals complicated prayers , meals , and storytelling . The stories involved myths that featured their gods and goddesses . Publicly , religious celebrations featured processions to the altar , where a sacrifice of a domestic animal would often be doThe Romans were also polytheistic and had a variety of gods and goddesses that are believed to be the Roman version of the Greek gods and goddesses . They also believed that these deities controlled their lives and that pleasing them was polar to living happy and productive lives . They also worshipped publicly and privately . Publicly , they built temples to worship the gods throughout the Roman Empire and these temples followed the same building pattern . They also made sacrifices People had small altars at home where the household would say prayers every day4 . Early Christian church /Impact on RomeChristianity began in 4 B .C , with the birth of its founder , the Nazarene Christ , having originally developed as derivative of Judaism with the pursual believing that Jesus of Nazareth was the messiah . His teachings were unusual for this period of time (where they still made sacrifices to a variety of Greek-adopted gods and goddesses . Jesus was crucified by the Romans and was labeled the Christos after his followers claimed he was resurrected . As for his straightaway followers they were also martyred for their beliefsThis was in direct face-off to the beliefs of Christianity , which focused on treating others well and the self-development of compassion kindness , humility , forgiveness and patience . Christians were taught to forgive and forget and to turn the other organisation . Paul , a converted Jew is the man most liable for spreading the Christian faith throughout the Roman empire , as his special mission became the conversion of the Gentile to ChristianityThe practice of the Christian religion was also in direct opposition to polytheistic beliefs , as they developed sacraments which excluded the Roman empire from every aspect of the religionChristianity impacted Roman life in many ways , the first of which can be demonstrated by the emperor Nero . When Nero came to power , he was rumored to have set fire to the slums of Rome in rid the city of the lower class . Looking for a scapegoat , Nero decided to blame the Christians . base on this assertion , Christians were persecuted . The Roman government was generally spacious of early Christianity since they appeared to pose no threat to their government . The most vocal opponents of the early church came from the Jewish religionThe Christians might have been able to practice their religion without objection , but they refused to worship the emperor , which led to their persecution in large numbers . Christians could not believe that the emperors had a divine right to rule this went against the teachings of this clean church . This persecution reached its height during the reign of Diocletian who attempted to systematically hand the followersDuring the period of time where the Christians were being persecuted , they developed symbols in to bury from the persecutions of the emperors . For example the cross was widely used as a Christian symbol until the 5th century , along with the weight and the peacockWith so much hatred and violence being order toward them , early Christians were hesitant to include images of Jesus in their art . The first artistic representation of Jesus depicts him as a young man with short hair , void of byssus and wearing the rough garment of a Roman peasantChristianity at long last became legal during the reign of Constantine with the Edict of Milan in 312 AD...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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